Sociodemographic factors associated with low intake of bioavailable iron in preschoolers: National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012, Mexico

Abstract

Abstract Background: Children 5 years of age are at risk of developing an iron deficiency due to a low intake of bioavailable iron (FeBio). Few studies have estimated dietary FeBio in children at a national level in relation to sociodemographic characteristics. This study aimed to estimate FeBio intake and its association with sociodemographic factors among Mexican children aged 12-59 months.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Information on serum ferritin and diet was obtained from a national survey and representative sample of 1012 Mexican children aged 12-59 months. We used a 24-h recall to estimate total iron, heme and non-heme iron, vitamin C, phytates, calcium, and meat intake. We calculated FeBio intake using an algorithm. Differences in FeBio intake were analyzed by area of residence (rural/urban), country region (north, center, south), and socioeconomic status (SES), using linear regression models by age subgroups (12-23 and 24-59 months) and total population, while adjusting for study design.

Results: Total iron intake was 9.2 ± 6.7 mg/d. The estimated average of total FeBio fluctuated between 0.74-0.81 mg/d, with a bioavailability of 9.15-12.03% of total iron. Children aged 12-23 months residing in rural areas consumed less FeBio than those in urban areas (β = - 0.276) (p 0.05). Children aged 24-59 months with high SES consumed more FeBio (β = 0.158 mg/d) than those of a low SES (p 0.05).

Conclusions: FeBio is low in Mexican preschoolers. Being from a rural area and having low SES were negatively associated with FeBio intake. These results can benefit interventions seeking to improve iron status.