Income Inequality, Socioeconomic Deprivation Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults in Mexico

Abstract

Objective: Depression is the second most common mental disorder in older adults (OA) worldwide. The ways in which depression is influenced by the social determinants of health – specifically, by socioeconomic deprivation, income inequality social capital have been analyzed with only partially conclusive results thus far. The objective of our study was to estimate the association of income inequality socioeconomic deprivation at the locality, municipal state levels with the prevalence of depressive symptoms among OA in Mexico. Methods: Cross sectional study based on a nationally representative sample of 8,874 OA aged 60 over. We applied the brief seven item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES D) to determine the presence of depressive symptoms. Additionally, to select the principal context variables, we used the Deprivation Index of the National Population Council of Mexico at the locality, municipal state levels, the Gini Index at the municipal state levels. Finally, we estimated the association of income inequality socioeconomic deprivation with the presence of depressive symptoms using a multilevel logistic regression model. Results: Socioeconomic deprivation at the locality (OR = 1.28; p,0.10) municipal levels (OR = 1.16; p,0.01) correlated significantly with the presence of depressive symptoms, while income inequality did not. Conclusions: The results of our study confirm that the social determinants of health are relevant to the mental health of OA. Further research is required, however, to identify which are the specific socioeconomic deprivation components at the locality municipal levels that correlate with depression in this population group.